Read the following sentences. They are examples of the present continuous used to talk about "now".
They are reading a magazine. They aren't reading a leaflet.
Are they taking pictures? No, they aren't.
Now two possible ways of talking about the future (click and listen):
What are you going to do on Saturday evening? / What are you doing on Saturday evening?
I'm going to visit my parents on Sunday. / I'm visiting my parents next Sunday.
I'm washing my hair this evening. / I'm going to wash my hair this evening.
Present continuous >>> PERSONAL ARRANGEMENTS Leave, come, go, meet (actividades de mi agenda)
My sister's coming later.
Are you going out tonight?
Her brother is leaving tomorrow.
I'm meeting him at three.
I'm having lunch with him later.
I'm having dinner with her tomorrow evening.
They're getting married next month.
Be going to 1 >>> INTENTION:
I'm going buy a new car soon.
Sally says she's going to phone them this afternoon.
When are you going to do the washing-up?
Diferencia de énfasis o enfoque:
I'm going to meet her at the station (subrayo que es mi intención. Ella a lo mejor no sabe nada).
I'm meeting her at the station (pongo énfasis en que ya he tomado las medidas necesarias para ello: conozco los horarios, tengo pensado cómo voy a ir; a lo mejor lo he hablado con ella).
Be going to 2 >>> PRESENT EVIDENCE Predecimos el futuro basándonos en pruebas actuales:
That lady is going to have a baby.
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
She's going to get very angry when she finds out. (La conozco y sé que va a reaccionar así)
Although everyone is welcome, this blog was intended primarily for my second year students, and the last entry is from 2012. However, English hasn't changed that much,so feel free to read on!
Tuesday, 28 February 2012
The present simple and the present continuous
THE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (=PRESENT CONTINUOUS) TENSE.
Lo que sigue es un repaso que a algunos os parecerá elemental, pero que no está de más.
Fijaos en estas dos oraciones:
I wear black trousers = llevo/me pongo pantalones
negros.
I’m wearing black trousers = llevo (puestos ahora)
pantalones negros.
En el primer ejemplo estamos usando un tiempo verbal
llamado SIMPLE PRESENT, que es el primero que se suele aprender, y que se forma en afirmativo poniendo el sujeto seguido de la forma del infinitivo (sin TO), igual para todas
las personas menos para la tercera persona del singular, donde se añade –(E)S:
I drink you drink,
he drinks, etc. (Conjugación de presente del verbo TO DRINK)
I go, you go, he goes, etc. (Presente simple del verbo TO GO)
Dejamos aparte los verbos irregulares como
TO BE o TO HAVE.
Este tiempo se llama a veces en español presente
habitual, porque se usa para describir acciones cuando decimos de ellas que
ocurren habitualmente. Se presta bien al empleo con expresiones de tiempo de
frecuencia: always, never, sometimes,
twice a day, when I’m happy, on Sundays, etc.
En el otro ejemplo, I’m wearing black trousers, hemos construido el tiempo verbal de
otra forma: después del sujeto hemos puesto el presente del verbo TO BE, y a
continuación hemos puesto la forma –ING del verbo que queremos conjugar, en
este caso WEAR. Este tiempo se llama present
progressive o present continuous
(presente continuo). Las demás personas serían you are wearing, he/she is wearing, etc., donde cambia la forma de
BE y permanece invariable el verbo principal con -ING. Es posible que al añadir
–ING haya que modificar ligeramente el verbo, pero eso es otro asunto. (Por
ejemplo el presente continuo el verbo GET UP es I’m getting up, con –TT-).
ES IMPORTANTÍSIMO no mezclar las dos construcciones:
en el simple present no aparece el verbo BE, y en el present progressive es
necesario que aparezca:
El presente continuo tiene varios usos, pero el básico
es para hablar de acciones que tienen lugar en este momento, o en torno a este
momento: I’m reading an English novel
quiere decir que estoy leyendo una novela inglesa, o ahora mismo, según te
hablo, o indicando que es lo que estoy leyendo estos días. En cambio, usaríamos
el presente simple si quisiéramos hablar de lo que leo siempre, nunca, a veces,
habitualmente, los domingos por la mañana, etc.:
I sometimes /never / often read novels. I read novels when I have free time.
Con el ejemplo de READ, vemos que se puede trazar
cierto paralelismo con el español cuando decimos yo leo, yo como, yo escribo, yo estudio (presente simple) = I read, I eat, I write, I study (que no
se nos olvide la –S si es 3ª persona) y yo
estoy leyendo, yo estoy comiendo, yo estoy escribiendo, yo estoy estudiando
(presente continuo) = I am reading, I’m
eating, I’m writing, I’m studying. En estos últimos, tanto en inglés como
en español construimos el tiempo usando el verbo BE/estar con la forma
–ING/gerundio del verbo principal. Bien, este paralelismo funciona muchas
veces, pero, cuidado porque:
1-Puede haber casos donde en español solamente sea posible utilizar una forma, como ocurre con lleva
sombrero. Si no nos dan el contexto, no sabríamos si corresponde a she wears a hat (es una mujer elegante,
lleva sombrero habitualmente) o a she’s
wearing a hat (mira, por allí viene, lleva
sombrero = lleva puesto un sombrero).
2-En inglés hay verbos que no se usan nunca en
presente continuo (tema demasiado complicado para ahora).
3-A veces en español somos más flexibles, y podemos
usar una forma u otra, pero en inglés no: si veo a uno sentado a la mesa, le
puedo preguntar ¿qué comes? o ¿qué estás comiendo?, pero en inglés,
puesto que me refiero a este momento, ahora mismo, he de decir what are you eating? What do you eat? sería algo así así como
¿qué comes habitualmente? ¿cuál es tu
dieta normal?, y no valdría para preguntar qué come justo ahora. Otros casos similares (donde es obligatorio el cotinuo en inglés, pero frecuente el simple en español), son:
What are you laughing at? = ¿De qué te ríes?
What are you looking at? = ¿Qué miras?
Why are you crying? ¿Por qué lloras?
What are you doing? = ¿Qué haces?
Where are you going? = ¿Dónde vas?
The police are coming! = ¡Viene la policía!
Where are you going? = ¿Dónde vas?
The police are coming! = ¡Viene la policía!
Por último y sólo para que os suene, es bueno quedarse
con la idea de cómo se construyen los tiempos verbales continuos (o
progressive), porque en años sucesivos veréis otros distintos del presente y se
construyen de manera similar: si en el presente continuo conjugamos el verbo BE
en presente y seguimos con un gerundio (estoy
cantando), el pasado continuo o progresivo sería con el pasado de BE +
gerundio (estaba cantando). El futuro
continuo o progresivo sería con el futuro de TO BE + gerundio (estaré cantando). Es decir, en cada
caso, empleamos el verbo BE, conjugado en el tiempo que se nombra, seguido de
la forma –ING del verbo principal.
Thursday, 16 February 2012
SO, SO MUCH, SO MANY
These three words translate as "tan" or "tanto(s)", and they are similar in use to too,too much and too many, which we discussed in our post of February 7th.
Tan + adjective/adverb = SO + adjective/adverb:
She speaks so quickly
Tanto "a secas" = SO MUCH:
Tan + adjective/adverb = SO + adjective/adverb:
The fur coat is so expensive.
Question number four is so difficult.
These shoes are so big.
Tanto "a secas" = SO MUCH:
I love her so much.
Tanto + uncountable noun = SO MUCH + u. noun
He eats so much fruit / cereal.
She drinks so much milk.
She drinks so much milk.
There was so much traffic.
He gave us to much homework.
Some politicians earn so much money.
Tantos + countable noun = SO MANY + c. noun
She invited so many people.
Do you think there are so many children in this class?
Don't eat so many sweets!
These forms are very often followed by a clause (formando así una frase subordinada consecutiva: tan largo que..., tan emocionante que... tanta gente que...trabaja tanto que...). Before the clause you may find the word that, but it is often dropped (antes de la subordinada puede aparecer la conjunción that = que, pero en lenguaje coloquial a menudo se omite):
There were so many people (that) we had to get more chairs.
The film was so boring (that) everyone fell asleep.
I ate so much cake (that) I wasn't hungry for the rest of the day.
Tantos + countable noun = SO MANY + c. noun
She invited so many people.
Do you think there are so many children in this class?
Don't eat so many sweets!
These forms are very often followed by a clause (formando así una frase subordinada consecutiva: tan largo que..., tan emocionante que... tanta gente que...trabaja tanto que...). Before the clause you may find the word that, but it is often dropped (antes de la subordinada puede aparecer la conjunción that = que, pero en lenguaje coloquial a menudo se omite):
There were so many people (that) we had to get more chairs.
The film was so boring (that) everyone fell asleep.
I ate so much cake (that) I wasn't hungry for the rest of the day.
When so, so much and so many are not followed by anything, the sentence is more like an exclamation, and the meaning of these words is similar to muy or mucho.
There was so much traffic! (¡Había un tráfico...!)
There was so much traffic! (¡Había un tráfico...!)
Monday, 13 February 2012
Superlatives
(En las explicaciónes grabadas se hace alusión a una página y a un cuadro pertenecientes a un libro. No lo tenéis, así que os he copiado aquí los ejemplos que se citan.). Listen.
It's the hottest country in the world.
The most dangerous time is the spring.
- One-syllable adjectives: add -er: cold >>> the coldest high >>> the highest
- Adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant: double consonant and add -est., hot >>> the hottest big >>> the biggest
- One- or two-syllables ending in consonant + -y >>>-ier pretty >>> the prettiest healthy >>> the healthiest
- Two- or more syllable adjectives: famous >>> the most famous expensive >>> the most expensive
- Irregular: good >>> the best bad >>> the worst far >>> the furthest/farthest
He is the worst teacher
Valladolid is not the most beautiful city
Africa is the hottest continent
It is the
Wednesday, 8 February 2012
Comparatives. Chapter 1
(En las explicaciónes grabadas se hace alusión a una página y a un cuadro pertenecientes a un libro. No lo tenéis, así que os he copiado aquí los ejemplos que se citan.)
The first recording explains how to make the comparative. The second one deals with (trata de) the pronunciation.
White cars are safer than yellow cars.
Mosquitoes are more dangerous than sharks (=tiburones).
Tigers are better swimmers than cats.
My flat is more bigger than yours.
I ammore taller than you.
Nunca pueden aparecer en la misma frase MORE y la terminación de comparativo -ER.
The first recording explains how to make the comparative. The second one deals with (trata de) the pronunciation.
White cars are safer than yellow cars.
Mosquitoes are more dangerous than sharks (=tiburones).
Tigers are better swimmers than cats.
- One-syllable adjectives: add -er: old >>> older cheap >>> cheaper
- Adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant: double consonant, add -er.
- big >>> bigger hot >>> hotter
- One- or two-syllables ending in consonant + -y >>>-ier
- healthy >>> healthier happy >>> happier
- Two- or more syllable adjectives: famous >>> more famous expensive >>> more expensive
- Irregular: good >>> better bad >>> worse far >>> further/farther
My flat is
I am
Nunca pueden aparecer en la misma frase MORE y la terminación de comparativo -ER.
Tuesday, 7 February 2012
TOO DIFFICULT, TOO MANY QUESTIONS, TOO MUCH TIME
Demasiado + adjective/adverb = TOO + adjective/adverb:
There was too much people >>> There were too many people. ("People" is countable AND plural)
It was too much hot / small, etc. >>> It was too hot / small, etc. (¡Ni TOO MUCH ni TOO MANY: no acompaña a ningún sustantivo!)
The fur coat is too expensive.
Question number four is too difficult.
These shoes are too big.
She speaks too quickly.
Demasiado "a secas" = TOO MUCH:
Don Quijote read too much.
I love her too much. (A strange thing to say, but it's possible)
Demasiado + uncountable noun = TOO MUCH + u. noun
He eats too much fruit / cereal.
She drinks too much milk.
She drinks too much milk.
There was too much traffic.
He gave us too much homework.
Some politicians earn too much money.
Demasiado + countable noun = TOO MANY + c. noun
She invited too many people.
Do you think there are too many children in this class?
Don't eat too many sweets!
An exception: He gave away too many clothes, and now he's got none. "Clothes" is actually not countable, but it is a special word, because it is both uncountable and plural (something rather unusual). TOO MUCH is never used with plurals, so we say too many clothes.
Demasiado + countable noun = TOO MANY + c. noun
She invited too many people.
Do you think there are too many children in this class?
Don't eat too many sweets!
An exception: He gave away too many clothes, and now he's got none. "Clothes" is actually not countable, but it is a special word, because it is both uncountable and plural (something rather unusual). TOO MUCH is never used with plurals, so we say too many clothes.
Common mistakes:
Friday, 3 February 2012
The Jackson family
It's not the Jackson Five I'm talking about, but a different family that travelled to Troy on holiday! Do you remember a little text with gaps I gave you before Christmas?
Here are the answers.
The Jackson family are ......................holiday in Turkey. They are
...................... at a big hotel in Istanbul. Mark, ......................
sister and their parents like Turkey. It is beautiful, the ......................
is hot and the food is good. ...................... is a lot to see, .......................
. Today they are ......................
(use a verb) the city of Troy. They
are ...................... on a bus in ...................... of their hotel. There
are forty ...................... on the bus and they all ......................
(be careful -- it’s not as easy as it
looks) from different countries.
At Troy they all have lunch. Then they ...................... to look at
the old city. ...................... an hour, Mark sits under a tree. “I’m ......................
to stop here for a moment,” he ...................... Fay. He sees a flat,
yellow stone on the ....................... . He picks it
...................... and ...................... to clean it with his hands.
Suddenly there is a white light in his ....................... . Mark closes
them. The light is strong. Now ...................... is a loud wind in his
ears. He cannot hear ...................... see ....................... . “What’s happening?” he thinks. Ten seconds
later the light and the wind stop. Mark opens his eyes. He is
...................... on a beach. He can see ...................... of ships
and men. ...................... him
there is a beautiful city with high walls.
Here are the answers.
Translation no. 10
Some time ago, I asked you to translate these sentences:
1. Es el hijo del presidente. Su familia tiene
bastante dinero.
2. No tiene dinero bastante para comprar esa ropa.
3. Come bastante fruta y verduras, pero no bebe
suficiente agua.
4. Averigua las respuestas a estas preguntas. Es
bastante fácil.
5. Siempre está cansada porque viaja demasiado.
6. Hacía mucho calor en el aula porque había
demasiada gente.
7. Se tarda media hora porque hay demasiado tráfico
por las mañanas.
8. ¿Cuánta tarta te apetece comer? Nada, no tengo
hambre.
9. ¿Qué cenaste anoche? Nada, no tenía hambre.
10. No almorcé porque no había nada en el frigo.
Here's the key, together with some comments.
Translation no. 9
Some time ago, I asked you to translate these sentences:
1.
¿Qué miras?
Nada.
2.
¿De quién te ríes? De nadie.
3. ¿Dónde puedo comprar sellos? En ningún sitio. No
hay oficinas de correos aquí.
4.
¿Sabe alguien la respuesta a esa pregunta?
5.
La gente quiere pasárselo bien en todas partes.
6.
¿Tiene todo el mundo su diccionario encima de la
mesa?
7.
Creo que hay alguien detrás de la puerta.
8.
Hay algo de ropa sobre la cama, pero no hay
(nada) en el ropero.
9.
Todo el mundo quiere a alguien.
10.
No te preocupes, todo está bien.
Here's the key, together with some comments.
On the recording, this is the answer to 8:
There are some clothes on the bed, but there isn't anything in the wardrobe.
This would mean: no hay nada en el armario (=ninguna cosa, está vacío, no hay ni ropa ni nada de nada).
You could also say: there aren't any in the wardrobe (there aren't any clothes = no hay nada de ropa : there are no clothes, but maybe there are other things in the wardrobe)
On the recording, this is the answer to 8:
There are some clothes on the bed, but there isn't anything in the wardrobe.
This would mean: no hay nada en el armario (=ninguna cosa, está vacío, no hay ni ropa ni nada de nada).
You could also say: there aren't any in the wardrobe (there aren't any clothes = no hay nada de ropa : there are no clothes, but maybe there are other things in the wardrobe)
Enough is enough!
¡Esto sí que son voces! Donna Summer y Barbara Streisand estaban hartas de su penosa vida amorosa, como algunos estaréis hartos de no tener claro cómo se dice "bastante". Gritad como ellas: "Enough is enough" (¡=ya basta!). Coged carrerilla con la cancioncilla, que luego viene la explicación.
Y ahora a ver si nos aclaramos:
What exactly does this mean? Come bastante fruta.
a) una buena cantidad de, mucha
b) la suficiente (quizá no sea mucha, pero es suficiente)
Consider these groups of sentences:
"Bastante" = similar to "muy": QUITE + adjective / adverb
Vine bastante despacio. Por eso tardé tanto. ...quite slowly
A mí me pareció bastante fácil. ...quite easy
Su último disco es bastante bueno. ...quite good
Los hoteles allí son bastante caros. ...quite expensive
"Bastante" = similar to "mucho": QUITE A LOT OF + noun
No estaba lleno, pero había bastante gente. ...quite a lot of people
Había bastante fruta en la nevera, pero poca carne. ...quite a lot of fruit
Ha tenido bastantes novias. No sé con cuál estará ahora. ...quite a lot of girlfriends
No te sé decir cuánto, pero sé que gana bastante (dinero). ...quite a lot (of money)
"Bastante" = suficiente: ENOUGH + noun, adjective + ENOUGH
No hay sillas bastantes para todos. ...enough chairs
Tenía dinero bastante para comprar todo lo que quisiera. ...enough money
No es lo bastante grande. It isn't big enough.
Y ahora a ver si nos aclaramos:
What exactly does this mean? Come bastante fruta.
a) una buena cantidad de, mucha
b) la suficiente (quizá no sea mucha, pero es suficiente)
Consider these groups of sentences:
"Bastante" = similar to "muy": QUITE + adjective / adverb
Vine bastante despacio. Por eso tardé tanto. ...quite slowly
A mí me pareció bastante fácil. ...quite easy
Su último disco es bastante bueno. ...quite good
Los hoteles allí son bastante caros. ...quite expensive
"Bastante" = similar to "mucho": QUITE A LOT OF + noun
No estaba lleno, pero había bastante gente. ...quite a lot of people
Había bastante fruta en la nevera, pero poca carne. ...quite a lot of fruit
Ha tenido bastantes novias. No sé con cuál estará ahora. ...quite a lot of girlfriends
No te sé decir cuánto, pero sé que gana bastante (dinero). ...quite a lot (of money)
"Bastante" = suficiente: ENOUGH + noun, adjective + ENOUGH
No hay sillas bastantes para todos. ...enough chairs
Tenía dinero bastante para comprar todo lo que quisiera. ...enough money
No es lo bastante grande. It isn't big enough.
¡De nada!
NOTHING, NOT...ANYTHING = lo contrario de "algo", nada de ninguna cosa en concreto, nada en términos absolutos.
NONE = nada (uncountables) / ninguno (countables), referido a algo ya citado (con un sustantivo implícito)
What did you read? NOTHING. (I read nothing, I didn't read anything). No hay referencia a nada.
How many books did you read? NONE. (I read none, I didn't read any, I read no books). La respuesta alude a "books".
How much money did you spend? NONE. (I spent none, I didn't spend any, I spent no money).
What's in the cupboard? NOTHING. (There is nothing, there isn't anything)
Are there any blankets in the cupboard? No, there are NONE. There aren't any, there are no blankets.
How many children did they have? NONE. (They had none, they didn't have any, they had no children).
What do you want? NOTHING. (I want nothing, I don't want anything).
Remember that the one-word answer to these questions can't be ANYTHING, ANY or ANYONE because these words don't carry a negative meaning. It's only when they are combined with a negative word, usually a verb, that they "become" negative.
The Spanish word "nada" (to be precise ""nada de"), can also be translated as "NO", as you can see in some of the examples above, when it is used with uncountable nouns:
Nada de dinero = no money.
No había nada de leche = there was no milk.
No queda nada de ropa limpia = there are no clean clothes left.
By the way, "de nada" is don't mention it or you're welcome or that's all right.
NONE = nada (uncountables) / ninguno (countables), referido a algo ya citado (con un sustantivo implícito)
What did you read? NOTHING. (I read nothing, I didn't read anything). No hay referencia a nada.
How many books did you read? NONE. (I read none, I didn't read any, I read no books). La respuesta alude a "books".
How much money did you spend? NONE. (I spent none, I didn't spend any, I spent no money).
What's in the cupboard? NOTHING. (There is nothing, there isn't anything)
Are there any blankets in the cupboard? No, there are NONE. There aren't any, there are no blankets.
How many children did they have? NONE. (They had none, they didn't have any, they had no children).
What do you want? NOTHING. (I want nothing, I don't want anything).
Remember that the one-word answer to these questions can't be ANYTHING, ANY or ANYONE because these words don't carry a negative meaning. It's only when they are combined with a negative word, usually a verb, that they "become" negative.
The Spanish word "nada" (to be precise ""nada de"), can also be translated as "NO", as you can see in some of the examples above, when it is used with uncountable nouns:
Nada de dinero = no money.
No había nada de leche = there was no milk.
No queda nada de ropa limpia = there are no clean clothes left.
By the way, "de nada" is don't mention it or you're welcome or that's all right.
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