Sunday 13 May 2012

TRAVEL, TRIP, JOURNEY


Travel can be an uncountable noun (an incredible travel) or a verb. It is the general term (=word) to describe going from one place to another. Don’t use it to talk about a particular “viaje”.
Although it is uncountable, we can talk about someone's travels to refer to the journeys he makes (los viajes en general): Gulliver’s Travels.
Travel is often part of compound nouns (=sustantivos compuestos):
Travel documents, travel tickets,  travel agents, air travel, etc.
Journey is a noun. A journey is one single piece of travel, especially when the places are a long way apart. You make journeys when you travel from one place to another.
The journey from London to Newcastle by train can now be completed in under three hours.
A difficult journey across the mountains.
How long did your journey take?
Trip is a noun. A trip is an act of going from one place to another, and usually back again. It often involves (=supone, implica) more than one single journey. Its meaning includes the activity (business or pleasure) which is the reason for the journey.
. We make journeys usually, but we go on trips:
  • I went on a day trip to France. We left at 6.30 in the morning and returned before midnight the same day.
  • Her school organized a skiing trip to the Pyrinees.
  • Where's Laurie? ~ He won't be in this week. He's gone on a business trip to Malaysia and Singapore.
  • The trip went well. It was an old car, but we didn't break down in four weeks of travelling.
  • A round-the-world trip.
  • A boat trip.
  • They all went away on a school trip.
  • A five-minute trip by taxi.
Sometimes you can use either:
  • Did you have a good journey?
  • Did you have a good trip?
REMEMBER: the most common mistake is to say things like:
What a wonderful travel! Did you have a good travel?

JOB and WORK


Firstly, on a grammatical level, work is both a verb and a noun, whereas (=mientras que)  job is only a noun. Work is not countable (a work), job is (a great job).

Let’s look at their meanings now.

Work is an activity in which you use effort (esfuerzo) or energy, normally to achieve a particular aim or task, rather than for fun or enjoyment (para conseguir un objetivo más que por diversión). It is essentially the opposite of play. Generally (but not always), we work in order to earn money, and this is often how we use the verb; to describe what we do to earn money. For example:

I work for the BBC.
David works in a café.

In these examples, we do not know exactly what the person’s duties or responsibilities are. David works in a café, but we do not know if he cleans the tables or cooks the food.
So, in this sense, work has a very general meaning, whereas job is much more specific, and its most common meaning is the name for the work that you do to earn money. For example,

David has now got a new job. He is a cook in a small restaurant.

In this example, we now know exactly what David does because we know what his job is.

Although your job is the name for what you do to earn money, it can also refer to a specific task (tarea)that you have to do; a task that requires work and a task that you can specifically identify. For example,
I have a few jobs to do at home this weekend. I need to paint my bedroom, fix a broken door and cut the grass.

As a verb, work does have other meanings, such as, if you describe how a machine works, you explain how it functions, or operates. For example,

Can someone show me how the photocopier works? I don’t know how to use it.
Similarly, you can use it to say if the machine is functioning correctly. For example,

Don’t try to use that computer. It doesn’t work. We are waiting for the engineer to fix it.

To summarise, we can say that the word job refers to a particular employment role or position, such as cook, teacher or banker, whereas work refers in a more general way to activities that you do.
Interestingly, all jobs involve (suponen, requieren) work but doing work isn’t always part of a job. For example, someone can spend the weekend working in their garden, perhaps cutting the grass or planting new flowers. However, this is a free time activity, and so it is not his or her job. Work can be anything that requires effort, paid/unpaid, regular/done on one occasion.

Sometimes you can use either (cualquiera de los dos), with just a little difference in meaning:
It’s a dirty job, but someone has to do it.(Oficio/tarea)
It’s dirty work, but someone has to do it  (La labor, el trabajo en sí que se hace)

A final consideration: don’t worry too much about these two words. Just try to avoid (evitar) the usual mistakes:

What’s your job? My job is a teacher. >>> I’m a teacher. (Curiosamente, en la pregunta se usa, pero en la respuesta no. Si empiezas una frase My job is… puedes seguir describiendo cómo es, pero NO diciendo el nombre del trabajo).

It’s a very difficult work. Aunque tendría un matiz diferente según cuál eliges, habría que decir o bien it’s a difficult job o bien it’s difficult work.

She has two works. (Uncountable!: two jobs).

I’ve been working hard for the last few hours, so I think it’s time for me to take a break (un descanso). Fortunately, the work that I do in my job is very interesting, so although it is hard work, I don’t think I will look for another job! What about you? Are you a student or do you have a jobWhatever you do, is it hard work?

N.B. Much of this explanation was found on a BBC webpage:

Friday 13 April 2012

One(s)


We use ONE(S) to avoid (=evitar) repeating the noun. This works with countable nouns only.
Which is your house?  The one with the white door.
I’d like a hamburger, please. A big one with lots of ketchup.
Can you lend me a ruler? I’m sorry, I haven’t got one.
I’m looking for a flat. I’d like to find a small one with two bedrooms.
I’m looking for a flat. I’d like to find one with two bedrooms.
Can you pass me those CDs? Which ones? The ones on the shelf.
Modern cars are safer than older ones.

One(s) is very often used with adjectives:
I ate the small one (el pequeño).
The yellow one is better (el amarillo).
I bought the large ones (las grandes).
She danced with the ugly one (el feo).

The word one(s) is sometimes omitted immediately after which, this, that, another and superlatives:
Which (one) do you like best?
Let’s have another (one).
That watch is the most expensive (one).

Tuesday 10 April 2012

I'm tired of this boring lesson!


Participles such as interesting, frightening, bored, boring, etc.  can be used as adjectives.
 Read the following examples:


-ED participles say how people feel


-ING participles describe the people or things that cause the feelings


I was very tired after the long journey.


It was a very tiring journey.


The children were really excited.


What an exciting adventure it was!


If you are so bored, why don’t you go to bed?


It’s the most boring film I have ever watched.


I’m not interested in water sports.


Doing voluntary work is an interesting experience.


She sounded a bit confused.


It’s a very confusing text.


Everybody was terrified.


It was a terrifying story.

I felt relaxed and confident.


I had a relaxing bath.

Be very careful in cases where you use only one adjective in Spanish: “cansado” and “aburrido” can mean two very different things, depending on whether you mean ESTAR o SER.
Don’t say “-ED for people, -ING for things” because people can be both boring and bored, tiring and tired.

If you are not sure whether to use -ED or –ING, remember the following rule:
Usamos –ED para ESTAR: alguien ESTÁ cansado / emocionado / aburrido / interesado / confundido / aterrado / relajado.
Usamos –ING para SER: algo o alguien ES cansado (=agotador) / emocionante / aburrido (=pesado)/ interesante / confuso / terrorífico.



Conditionals

Listen and read:


1A- If I finish my homework before 8, I’ll go out with my friends. (Si acabo… saldré…)
1B-I’ll go out with my friends if I finish my homework before 8. (Saldré… si acabo…)

2A-If I finished my homework before 8, I would go out with my friends. (Si acabara…saldría…)
2B-I would go out with my friends if I finished my homework before 8. (Saldría… si acabara…)

3A-If I would have more money, I’d buy you a present.
3B- Si tendría más dinero, te haría un regalo.


Da igual poner primero la subordinada o la principal:
IF-present + imperative

If you see her, tell her to phone me.
Tell her to phone me if you see her.
IF-present + WILL in the  main clause
(lo veo como probable o posible sin complicaciones)
If I see her, I’ll give her your message.
I’ll give her your message if I see her.
IF-past + WOULD in the main clause
(improbable)
If I found €100, I’d buy a new mobile.
I’d buy a new mobile if I found €100.
(irreal en la actualidad)
If I knew the answer, I’d tell you.
I’d tell you if I knew the answer.

4A- They’d stay in Spain if they found a job.
4B- My brother would move to Germany if he found a job there.

5A- If I were a rich man,…                 
5B- If I were you, I’d tell no-one.

"Si yo fuera rico, ay dubi dubi dubi dubi dubi dubi dubi da...":


RELATIVE CLAUSES

Listen and read.

DEFINING:
A cook is a person THAT works in a restaurant. =  A cook is a person WHO works in a restaurant.
A clock is a thing THAT tells the time. =  A clock is a thing WHICH tells the time.
A post office is a place WHERE you can buy stamps.

NON-DEFINING:
My brother and his wife, WHO work in the same hospital, never go on holiday together.
We visited Granada, WHICH is a town in the south of Spain.
The Odeon Theatre, WHERE so many local actors performed, was closed in 1998.

Importance of punctuation:
The Spanish athletes who / that won the two races became national heroes.
The Spanish athletes, who won the two races, became national heroes.

Rule of thumb (regla casera)
People: WHO / THAT                                    Things: WHICH / THAT                  Places: WHERE
BUT… if there’s a comma, don’t use THAT!

Common mistakes:
We visited the cathedral, that was built in the sixteenth century. >>. …the cathedral, which was built…
Mr Holmes, that was my history teacher, was always very kind. >> Mr Holmes, who was my…
A cook is a person that he works in a hospital.
A clock is a thing that it tells the time.
A post office is a place where you can buy stamps there.

Omission of the relative pronoun

Common in defining (NO COMMAS) relative clauses where the pronoun is the object of the clause:
Tick the words you hear = Tick the words that / which you hear.
Think of a hero you admire. = Think of a hero who / that you admire.
Tick seven things you see in the box below. = Tick seven things that / which you see in the box below.
Cross out the phrase which does not go with the verb. (No omission: WHICH is the subject of DOES)
Find three things that / which are the same. (No omission: the pronoun is the subject of ARE)

Tuesday 3 April 2012

What a pity! How awful!

A common way to form exclamations in English is to start with the words what or how. In Spanish we would say ¡qué...!, but in English you have to decide which of those two words to use.

How is followed by an adjective or an adverb:

How interesting! Let me have a look.
How lovely you look, darling!
How rude you are sometimes!
How beautifully she plays the piano!


What is followed by a noun. There may be (puede haber) other words, such as articles or adjectives, but there has to be (tiene que haber) a noun. You have to be careful with what exclamations because if the noun is singular and countable you need the article a(n):

What a pity!
What an interesting story!
What a lovely dress you're wearing!
What a rude man!
What a beautiful morning!

BUT in the story of Little Red Riding Hood (Caperucita Roja), you hear:

What big eyes you have!  What big ears you have! What big teeth you have! (a + plural)
Other examples:

What lovely hair she's got! (no nos referimos a UN pelo, sino a todo su cabello: uncountable)
What beautiful weather! (weather is uncountable)

Sunday 1 April 2012

No auxiliary verb in a question?

When we learn about interrogatives, we are told that the correct word order is auxiliary verb + subject + infinitive (A-S-I). There may be (puede haber) other words, such as an direct or indirect object, an adverb, etc., but the auxiliary must precede the subject and the subject must precede the infinitive:

Do you smoke?                                              A= do    S= you    I= smoke
Did your mother shout?                    A= did   S= your mother   I= shout
Where does she live?                                 A= does    S= she    I= live
Why doesn't the baby always eat fruit?     A= doesn't   S= the baby   I= eat
What does "litter" mean?                       A= does    S= "litter"   I= mean
What does mean "litter"?                        incorrect word order
What means "litter"?                                incorrect: no auxiliary

However, there are some questions where this does not happen:

How many people came to the party?
Who eats fruit every day?
Which of these animals lives in the sea?
What happened then?

Why? Because the WH- words at the beginning of the sentence (how many people, who, which of these animals, what) are the subjet of the question. You start your sentence with the subject, so it is imposiible to follow tha A-S-I rule. In these cases you don't use the auxiliary verb. The word order is the same as in positive sentences: Subject + verb + (...):
How many people came? Twenty people came. (Subjects: how many people and twenty people).
Who eats fruit every day? Pete eats fruit every day. (Subjects: who and Pete).
Which of these animals lives in the sea? The dolphin. (Subjects: which of these animals and the dolphin).
What happened then? Nothing happened. (Subjects: what and happened).

Compare these two sentences:
Who did you see? I saw my boss. Who= direct object, and then A-S-I. You is the subject. My boss = object.
Who saw you? Nobody saw me. Who and nobody = subjects. You and me = objects.


Tuesday 27 March 2012

Introduction to the passive voice

The passive voice in English is not very different from Spanish. Compare the following sentences:

El pueblo fue abandonado en los años cuarenta. =  The village was abandoned in the forties.
Esos puentes no fueron construidos en el siglo II. = Those bridges were not built in the second century.
¿Ha sido atacada la ciudad alguna vez? = Has the city ever been attacked?

Basically, you need the verb TO BE, which acts as an auxiliary (notice the question and the negative above) and the past participle of the verb.

Sometimes you don't need to mention the agent (el complemento agente, que es por ejemplo: fue escrito por Cervantesbut if you do, the preposition you use in English is not FOR. It's BY:

The novel was written BY Cervantes.
It was invented BY an Italian.
Poland was invaded BY Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939.

The passive is more common in English, because in Spanish we often use the "SE" passive or simply an active with the plural third person of the verb:

El templo se construyó / fue construido en el siglo I a.C. = The temple was built in the first century BC.
Cada año se publican miles de libros (menos frecuente: son publicados). = Thousands of books are published every year.
El queso se hace a partir de la leche (¿es hecho?). = Cheese is made from milk.
La entrevistaron ayer en la tele / Fue entrevistada ayer... = She was interviewed on TV yesterday.
Esta habitación se limpia todos los días (es limpiada todos los días, español correcto pero poco frecuente) = This room is cleaned every day.
Creo que el ajedrez lo inventaron los indios / Creo que el ajedrez fue inventado por los indios = I think chess was invented by the Indians.



DURING and FOR

Study the following sentences:

Hizo mucho calor durante el verano. = It was very hot during the summer.
Mis tíos vivieron allí durante cinco años.= My uncle and aunt lived there for five years.
Durante la última media hora ha llamado cuatro veces. = He's phoned four times during the last half hour.
  Trabajaré en Washington (durante) cinco años. = I'll work in Washington for five years. 

   These examples prove that it is NOT a good idea to say durante = during or durante = for. NO -- it depends on the sentence!
   So what is the rule? The easiest way to understand this is to think about the question:

  • If you ask HOW LONG...?, then use FOR. 
               You can stay for a few days. (How long can I stay?)
                I've known her for a long time. (How long have you known her?)
                She lived here for five years. (How long did she live here?)
  • If you ask WHEN?, then use DURING.
                They met and fell in love during the journey. (When did they meet?)
                He died during the night. (When did he die?)
                The village was abandoned during the war. (When was the village abandoned?)
                I worked in a pizza restaurant during the summer holidays last year. (When did you work in a ..?)

   Two more tips (consejos):
  •  During can almost always be replaced (sustituido) by IN. 
  • If you use a number + a period of time, (three years, five months, ten weeks), you almost certainly need for.

Thursday 15 March 2012

Time to relax

I'm not saying this is easy, because it wouldn't be true. You don't understand everything? Never mind! Just relax and enjoy the song! You can read the words below.


 

The truth, THE WHOLE truth, and nothing but the truth!


Meaning: Whole means todo, entero, la totalidad

Pronunciation: The W is NOT pronounced, so it rhymes with soul (alma). If you get the wrong pronunciation, people will probably think you're talking about a pared: wall. Whole has exactly the same sound as the word HOLE (=agujero).

Usage: whole + countable nouns.

Examples: the whole day, the whole week, the whole morning, the whole school, the whole country, the whole world, the whole class, the whole family.

Advanced points

1.It is most often found with singulars. If it goes with a plural noun, the meaning is not the same as ALL:
All the villages were destroyed in the war. (todos los pueblos)
Whole villages were destroyed in the war. (pueblos enteros)

2.Before proper nouns (nombres propios), use the whole of:
The whole of Spain was in a state of shock.

Remember: ¡No suena como WALL ni parecido! 

Some tricky words, SUCH AS "ESPECIALLY" and "ACTUALLY"

To give examples, use SUCH AS, not AS:
In some European countries, such as Germany and Austria, people drink more beer than wine.
In some European countries, as Germany and Austria, ...

You can also use LIKE and FOR EXAMPLE:
Many young actresses, like Inge Traumann, started their career in television.
Many young actresses, for example Inge Traumann, started ...
Many young actresses, such as Inge Traumann, started...

Notice the use of AS in these sentences:
He works as a waiter in the summer. (Trabajó DE... singular countable >>> article)
They worked as waiters last year. (Plural >>> no article)


ESPECIALLY means "sobre todo", and it's one of a small number of words that begin with ES + consonant instead of the usual S+ consonant (space, station, stop, small, sky, but especially):
In some areas, especially in the north, it rains a lot.
The car is quite small, especially if you have children.

              Unfortunately, it isn't as simple as this: there is also a word specially, but the meaning is different. It's not important now. For the time being (=por ahora), I recommend using the adverb ESPECIALLY  (ESP-)and the adjective SPECIAL (SPE-):

She's a very special friend.             They use a special instrument to fix it.
I love walking in the forest, especially in autumn.

Finally, the word actually. Be careful. It's a false friend (a word that is similar to one you have in your own language, but means something different: not a real friend at all!). Actually ≠ actualmente. Actually = en realidad. Some examples:
It is similar to "actualmente", but actually it means something very different! (parece... pero en realidad...)
You're Kev's sister, aren't you? No, I'm his wife actually!
Everyone thinks he's in his thirties, but actually he's 45!

So, how do you say "actualmente" in English? Well, the easiest translation is simply now. Other options are at the moment or at present:
He used to work (=trabajaba) as an interpreter, but at the moment he's unemployed.
At present there are only two schools for gifted children in the country.



Verb + verb

Listen!
When you have VERB 1 + VERB 2, in Spanish, usually verb + infinitive:
Quiero caminar.                            Me gustaría caminar
Odio caminar.                                Prefiero caminar.
Decidí caminar.                             Terminé de caminar.
Empecé a caminar.                       Intenté caminar.
Necesito caminar.                        No puedo caminar.        
 (Alguna excepción: disfruto caminando).

In English, three possibilities:
VERB 1 + TO-infinitive,
VERB 1 + bare infinitive (=infinitive without TO),
VERB 1 + -ING.
 Which one is right? It depends on VERB 1. There are no real rules. Examples:

VERB + TO-infinitive:
I promised to keep it. (=quedárselo)                          She would like to keep it.
She tried to keep it.                                                           I want to keep it.

VERB + BARE INFINITIVE:
You can't keep it.                                  Could I have some more?
I'll (will) leave it.                                  What time shall we meet?

VERB + -ING:
We enjoy swimming.                                   They all love travelling.
I hate cooking.                                               Stop laughing!
I finished doing the washing-up.           I hate being late.
Do you like dancing?

Learn one at a time!

Thursday 8 March 2012

Three useful websites

Here are three websites you might want to check out. You can spend hours and hours practising!

This one is from Argentina, and as you will see, it contains videos too.

This one is a classic. Lots and lots of activities.

This one is mostly about exams. The PET level is the closest to what you are doing now.

Como a todo no os va a dar tiempo, yo me centraría en ejercicios de "listening", de los que veréis algunos con la transcripción, además de las respuestas.

Do you know the best way to find out about interesting websites? Word of mouth (=el boca a boca): tell each other about the cool things you find on these sites!

Tuesday 6 March 2012

Vocabulary page 158

Listen to the word lists on page 158.

What do you say...?

I am going to give you some situations. See if you know what to say. The answers are at the end of the post.


QUÉ HAY QUE DECIR PARA…

1.       Ofrecerme más té.
2.       Preguntarme cómo se va a la estación de autobuses.
3.       Preguntarme dónde está la comisaría más cercana.
4.       Proponer jugar al fútbol el sábado por la mañana.
5.       Invitarme a ir al cine contigo.
6.       Preguntarme mi talla.
7.       Preguntarme que dónde quedamos.
8.       Preguntarme que a qué hora quedamos.
9.       Preguntarme si lo tengo en verde.
10.   Anunciar que te marchas.
11.   Desearme un buen día.
12.   Desarme lo mismo (que yo os haya deseado).
13.   Pedirme que os hable de mis padres.
14.   Desearme que me divierta.
15.   Contestar a “thank you”.


DECIDME QUE…

a.       -Os los lleváis (al comprar algo: o sea, estáis conformes con el precio y los queréis).
b.      -Los dejáis.
c.       -Me vaya y os deje en paz.
d.      -Ted no está muerto.
e.      -Me prepare.
f.        -Os toca a vosotros.
g.       -Le toca a Janet.
h.      -Me monte en el coche.
i.         -Depende de la estación (época del año).
j.        -Deje de reírme / de caminar.
k.       -Me los ponga.
l.         -Me los quite.

      And here are the answers. Listen.

Tuesday 28 February 2012

Present continuous (future) and Be going to

Read the following sentences. They are examples of the present continuous used to talk about "now".

They are reading a magazine. They aren't reading a leaflet.
Are they taking pictures? No, they aren't.

Now two possible ways of talking about the future (click and listen):


What are you going to do on Saturday evening? / What are you doing on Saturday evening?
I'm going to visit my parents on Sunday. / I'm visiting my parents next Sunday.
I'm washing my hair this evening. / I'm going to wash my hair this evening.

Present continuous >>> PERSONAL ARRANGEMENTS Leave, come, go, meet (actividades de mi agenda)
My sister's coming later.
Are you going out tonight?
Her brother is leaving tomorrow.
I'm meeting him at three.
I'm having lunch with him later.
I'm having dinner with her tomorrow evening.
They're getting married next month.


Be going to 1 >>> INTENTION:


I'm going buy a new car soon.
Sally says she's going to phone them this afternoon.
When are you going to do the washing-up?


Diferencia de énfasis o enfoque:
I'm going to meet her at the station (subrayo que es mi intención. Ella a lo mejor no sabe nada).
I'm meeting her at the station (pongo énfasis en que ya he tomado las medidas necesarias para ello: conozco los horarios, tengo pensado cómo voy a ir; a lo mejor lo he hablado con ella).


Be going to 2 >>>  PRESENT EVIDENCE Predecimos el futuro basándonos en pruebas actuales:

That lady is going to have a baby.
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
She's going to get very angry when she finds out. (La conozco y sé que va a reaccionar así)


The present simple and the present continuous


THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (=PRESENT CONTINUOUS) TENSE.

Lo que sigue es un repaso que a algunos os parecerá elemental, pero que no está de más.
Fijaos en estas dos oraciones:

I wear black trousers = llevo/me pongo pantalones negros.
I’m wearing black trousers = llevo (puestos ahora) pantalones negros.

En el primer ejemplo estamos usando un tiempo verbal llamado SIMPLE PRESENT, que es el primero que se suele aprender, y que se forma en afirmativo poniendo el sujeto seguido de la forma del infinitivo (sin TO), igual para todas las personas menos para la tercera persona del singular, donde se añade –(E)S:
I drink you drink, he drinks, etc. (Conjugación de presente del verbo TO DRINK)
I go, you go, he goes, etc. (Presente simple del verbo TO GO)
Dejamos aparte los verbos irregulares como TO BE o TO HAVE.

Este tiempo se llama a veces en español presente habitual, porque se usa para describir acciones cuando decimos de ellas que ocurren habitualmente. Se presta bien al empleo con expresiones de tiempo de frecuencia: always, never, sometimes, twice a day, when I’m happy, on Sundays, etc.

En el otro ejemplo, I’m wearing black trousers, hemos construido el tiempo verbal de otra forma: después del sujeto hemos puesto el presente del verbo TO BE, y a continuación hemos puesto la forma –ING del verbo que queremos conjugar, en este caso WEAR. Este tiempo se llama present progressive o present continuous (presente continuo). Las demás personas serían you are wearing, he/she is wearing, etc., donde cambia la forma de BE y permanece invariable el verbo principal con -ING. Es posible que al añadir –ING haya que modificar ligeramente el verbo, pero eso es otro asunto. (Por ejemplo el presente continuo el verbo GET UP es I’m getting up, con –TT-).

ES IMPORTANTÍSIMO no mezclar las dos construcciones: en el simple present no aparece el verbo BE, y en el present progressive es necesario que aparezca: 
I WEARING está mal porque falta el verbo BE, en este caso AM. De la misma manera, THEY ARE WEAR está fatal porque ¿qué pinta ARE, si luego no viene la terminación -ING?

El presente continuo tiene varios usos, pero el básico es para hablar de acciones que tienen lugar en este momento, o en torno a este momento: I’m reading an English novel quiere decir que estoy leyendo una novela inglesa, o ahora mismo, según te hablo, o indicando que es lo que estoy leyendo estos días. En cambio, usaríamos el presente simple si quisiéramos hablar de lo que leo siempre, nunca, a veces, habitualmente, los domingos por la mañana, etc.:
I sometimes /never / often read novels.   I read novels when I have free time.

Con el ejemplo de READ, vemos que se puede trazar cierto paralelismo con el español cuando decimos yo leo, yo como, yo escribo, yo estudio (presente simple) = I read, I eat, I write, I study (que no se nos olvide la –S si es 3ª persona) y yo estoy leyendo, yo estoy comiendo, yo estoy escribiendo, yo estoy estudiando (presente continuo) = I am reading, I’m eating, I’m writing, I’m studying. En estos últimos, tanto en inglés como en español construimos el tiempo usando el verbo BE/estar con la forma –ING/gerundio del verbo principal. Bien, este paralelismo funciona muchas veces, pero, cuidado porque:

1-Puede haber casos donde en español solamente sea posible utilizar una forma, como ocurre con lleva sombrero. Si no nos dan el contexto, no sabríamos si corresponde a she wears a hat (es una mujer elegante, lleva sombrero habitualmente) o a she’s wearing a hat (mira, por allí viene, lleva sombrero = lleva puesto un sombrero).

2-En inglés hay verbos que no se usan nunca en presente continuo (tema demasiado complicado para ahora).

3-A veces en español somos más flexibles, y podemos usar una forma u otra, pero en inglés no: si veo a uno sentado a la mesa, le puedo preguntar ¿qué comes? o ¿qué estás comiendo?, pero en inglés, puesto que me refiero a este momento, ahora mismo, he de decir what are you eating?     What do you eat? sería algo así así como ¿qué comes habitualmente? ¿cuál es tu dieta normal?, y no valdría para preguntar qué come justo ahora. Otros casos similares (donde es obligatorio el cotinuo en inglés, pero frecuente el simple en español), son:

What are you laughing at? = ¿De qué te ríes?
What are you looking at? = ¿Qué miras?
Why are you crying? ¿Por qué lloras?
What are you doing? = ¿Qué haces?
Where are you going? = ¿Dónde vas?
The police are coming! = ¡Viene la policía!

Por último y sólo para que os suene, es bueno quedarse con la idea de cómo se construyen los tiempos verbales continuos (o progressive), porque en años sucesivos veréis otros distintos del presente y se construyen de manera similar: si en el presente continuo conjugamos el verbo BE en presente y seguimos con un gerundio (estoy cantando), el pasado continuo o progresivo sería con el pasado de BE + gerundio (estaba cantando). El futuro continuo o progresivo sería con el futuro de TO BE + gerundio (estaré cantando). Es decir, en cada caso, empleamos el verbo BE, conjugado en el tiempo que se nombra, seguido de la forma –ING del verbo principal.


Thursday 16 February 2012

SO, SO MUCH, SO MANY

These three words translate as "tan" or "tanto(s)", and they are similar in use to too,too much and too many, which we discussed in our post of February 7th.


Tan + adjective/adverb = SO + adjective/adverb:
The fur coat is so expensive.
Question number four is so difficult.
These shoes are so big.
She speaks so quickly


Tanto "a secas" = SO MUCH:
I love her so much

Tanto + uncountable noun = SO MUCH + u. noun
He eats so much fruit / cereal.
She drinks so much milk.
There was so much traffic.
He gave us to much homework.
Some politicians earn so much money.

Tantos + countable noun = SO MANY + c. noun
She invited so many people.
Do you think there are so many children in this class?
Don't eat so many sweets!

These forms are very often followed by a clause (formando así una frase subordinada consecutiva: tan largo que..., tan emocionante que... tanta gente que...trabaja tanto que...). Before the clause you may find the word that, but it is often dropped (antes de la subordinada puede aparecer la conjunción that = que, pero en lenguaje coloquial a menudo se omite):


There were so many people (that) we had to get more chairs.
The film was so boring (that) everyone fell asleep.
I ate so much cake (that) I wasn't hungry for the rest of the day.

When so, so much and so many are not followed by anything, the sentence is more like an exclamation, and the meaning of these words is similar to muy or mucho.


There was so much traffic! (¡Había un tráfico...!)

Monday 13 February 2012

Superlatives


(En las explicaciónes grabadas se hace alusión a una página y a un cuadro pertenecientes a un libro. No lo tenéis, así que os he copiado aquí los ejemplos que se citan.). Listen.

It's the hottest country in the world. 
The most dangerous time is the spring.
  • One-syllable adjectives: add -er: cold >>>  the coldest      high >>> the highest
  • Adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant: double consonant and add -est. hot >>> the hottest       big >>> the biggest 
  • One- or two-syllables ending in consonant + -y >>>-ier      pretty >>> the prettiest                           healthy >>> the healthiest     
  • Two- or more syllable adjectives:    famous >>> the most famous       expensive >>> the most expensive
  • Irregular: good >>> the best       bad >>> the worst     far >>> the furthest/farthest
Common mistakes


He is the worst teacher of my school.    ...IN my school
Valladolid is not the most beautiful city of Spain.      ....IN Spain.
Africa is the hottest continent of the world.       ....IN the world.


It is the most largest province. Nunca pueden aparecer en la misma frase MOST y la terminación de comparativo -EST.

Wednesday 8 February 2012

Comparatives. Chapter 1

(En las explicaciónes grabadas se hace alusión a una página y a un cuadro pertenecientes a un libro. No lo tenéis, así que os he copiado aquí los ejemplos que se citan.)
The first recording explains how to make the comparative. The second one deals with (trata de) the pronunciation.

White cars are safer than yellow cars.
Mosquitoes are more dangerous than sharks (=tiburones).
Tigers are better swimmers than cats.

  • One-syllable adjectives: add -erold >>> older     cheap >>> cheaper
  • Adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant: double consonant, add -er.
  •                         big >>> bigger       hot >>> hotter
  • One- or two-syllables ending in consonant + -y >>>-ier
  •                         healthy >>> healthier     happy >>> happier
  • Two- or more syllable adjectives:    famous >>> more famous       expensive >>> more expensive
  • Irregular: good >>> better       bad >>> worse     far >>> further/farther
Common mistake


My flat is more bigger than yours.
I am more taller than you.


Nunca pueden aparecer en la misma frase MORE y la terminación de comparativo -ER.

Tuesday 7 February 2012

TOO DIFFICULT, TOO MANY QUESTIONS, TOO MUCH TIME

Demasiado + adjective/adverb = TOO + adjective/adverb:
The fur coat is too expensive.
Question number four is too difficult.
These shoes are too big.
She speaks too quickly.

Demasiado "a secas" = TOO MUCH:
Don Quijote read too much.
I love her too much. (A strange thing to say, but it's possible)

Demasiado + uncountable noun = TOO MUCH + u. noun
He eats too much fruit / cereal.
She drinks too much milk.
There was too much traffic.
He gave us too much homework.
Some politicians earn too much money.

Demasiado + countable noun = TOO MANY + c. noun
She invited too many people.
Do you think there are too many children in this class?
Don't eat too many sweets!

An exception: He gave away too many clothes, and now he's got none. "Clothes" is actually not countable, but it is a special word, because it is both uncountable and plural (something rather unusual). TOO MUCH is never used with plurals, so we say too many clothes.

Common mistakes:
There was too much people >>> There were too many people. ("People" is countable AND plural)
It was too much hot / small, etc. >>> It was too hot / small, etc.  (¡Ni TOO MUCH ni TOO MANY: no acompaña a ningún sustantivo!)

Friday 3 February 2012

The Jackson family

It's not the Jackson Five I'm talking about, but a different family that travelled to Troy on holiday! Do you remember a little text with gaps I gave you before Christmas?

The Jackson family are ......................holiday in Turkey. They are ...................... at a big hotel in Istanbul. Mark, ...................... sister and their parents like Turkey. It is beautiful, the ...................... is hot and the food is good.    ...................... is a lot to see, ....................... .   Today they are ...................... (use a verb) the city of Troy. They are ...................... on a bus in ...................... of their hotel. There are forty ...................... on the bus and they all ...................... (be careful -- it’s not as easy as it looks) from different countries.
At Troy they all have lunch. Then they ...................... to look at the old city. ...................... an hour, Mark sits under a tree. “I’m ...................... to stop here for a moment,” he ...................... Fay. He sees a flat, yellow stone on the ....................... . He picks it ...................... and ...................... to clean it with his hands. Suddenly there is a white light in his ....................... . Mark closes them. The light is strong. Now ...................... is a loud wind in his ears. He cannot hear ...................... see ....................... .  “What’s happening?” he thinks. Ten seconds later the light and the wind stop. Mark opens his eyes. He is ...................... on a beach. He can see ...................... of ships and men.  ...................... him there is a beautiful city with high walls.

Here are the answers.